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When the Soviet Union sent two probes plunging into the atmosphere of Venus in December 1978, they carried an instrument named "Groza," the Russian...
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When the Soviet Union sent two probes plunging into the atmosphere of Venus in December 1978, they carried an instrument named "Groza," the Russian...
The Space Shuttle is remembered as an engineering marvel, but this analysis argues it was also one of NASA's costliest strategic mistakes. Sold as...
In 1974 the CIA pulled off one of the most audacious operations of the Cold War. Using billionaire Howard Hughes and a cover story...
Exploring Venus is extremely challenging. A landing probe or lander must withstand crushing pressure, with atmospheric pressure roughly 90 times Earth’s, equivalent to being...
The YA-9, The Aircraft That Could Have Been The A-10: The Northrop YA-9 was the primary competitor to the Fairchild Republic YA-10 in the...
In November 1988 the Soviet Union flew its own space shuttle. Buran reached orbit, circled the Earth twice, and landed itself completely on autopilot,...
The first spacecraft to land safely on Mars was Soviet, not American, and it did not survive. In December 1971 the Mars 3 lander...
The first living creature ever to orbit the Earth was a frightened Moscow stray named Laika, sent into space in 1957 inside a craft...
In June 1985 the Soviet Union did something that still sounds impossible: it flew two balloons through the clouds of another planet. Released into...
It weighed barely 570 pounds and ran on plutonium. Its electronics were 1970s vintage. And in September 1979, after six years and billions of...