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19FortyFive

Harry J. Kazianis

Harry J. Kazianis (@Grecianformula) is Editor-In-Chief of 19FortyFive and National Security Journal. Kazianis recently served as Senior Director of National Security Affairs at the Center for the National Interest. He also served as Executive Editor of its publishing arm, The National Interest. Kazianis has held various roles at The National Interest, including Senior Editor and Managing Editor over the last decade. Harry is a recognized expert on national security issues involving North & South Korea, China, the Asia-Pacific, Europe, and general U.S. foreign policy and national security challenges. Past Experience Kazianis previously served as part of the foreign policy team for the 2016 presidential campaign of Senator Ted Cruz. Kazianis also managed the foreign policy communications efforts of the Heritage Foundation, served as Editor-In-Chief of the Tokyo-based The Diplomat magazine, Editor of RealClearDefense, and as a WSD-Handa Fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): PACNET. Kazianis has also held foreign policy fellowships at the Potomac Foundation and the University of Nottingham. Kazianis is the author of the book The Tao of A2/AD, an exploration of China’s military capabilities in the Asia-Pacific region. He has also authored several reports on U.S. military strategy in the Asia-Pacific as well as edited and co-authored a recent report on U.S.-Japan-Vietnam trilateral cooperation. Kazianis has provided expert commentary, over 900 op-eds, and analysis for many outlets, including The Telegraph, The Wall Street Journal, Yonhap, The New York Times, Hankyoreh, The Washington Post, MSNBC, 1945, Fox News, Fox Business, CNN, USA Today, CNBC, Politico, The Financial Times, NBC, Slate, Reuters, AP, The Washington Examiner, The Washington Times, RollCall, RealClearPolitics, LA Times, Newsmax, BBC, Foreign Policy, The Hill, Fortune, Forbes, DefenseOne, Newsweek, NPR, Popular Mechanics, VOA, Yahoo News, National Security Journal and many others.

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NASA built the Juno spacecraft to die the same way as Galileo and Cassini, deliberately flown into Jupiter to protect a possible ocean on the moon Europa — but over years in orbit the gravity of Jupiter’s moons bent Juno’s path until it no longer threatened Europa at all, and NASA cancelled the planned plunge.

Galileo was deliberately crashed into Jupiter. Cassini into Saturn. Both destroyed at the height of their success to protect the ocean moons they had...

Harry J. KazianisJune 22, 2026

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In October 1967 the Soviet Union told the world it had landed a probe on the surface of Venus — but Venera 4 had been crushed by the atmosphere 17 miles up, and it took an American spacecraft flying past one day later to prove the Soviet landing never happened.

In October 1967 the Soviet Union announced that Venera 4 had landed on Venus. It hadn't — the probe was crushed 17 miles up,...

Harry J. KazianisJune 22, 2026

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America’s only landing on Venus was an accident — in 1978 NASA dropped four cone-shaped probes into the Venusian atmosphere, none built to survive hitting the ground, and one of them struck the surface, kept transmitting for 67 minutes and 37 seconds, and very likely still sits there today, the only American craft ever to land on Venus.

The Soviet Union built armored titanium tanks to survive Venus. The United States never built a lander at all. Every American Venus probe was...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

Mars Probe Photo. Image Credit: Banana Nano.

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In September 1999 a NASA spacecraft that had flown 416 million miles to Mars was torn apart in the planet’s atmosphere — not by an explosion or bad luck, but by a units mix-up, one team using imperial pounds where another expected metric newtons, the same mistake that strips a bolt in a home garage.

It traveled 416 million miles to reach Mars. Then it flew too low into the atmosphere and was torn apart in minutes. The Mars...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

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In September 2017, after 20 years in space, NASA deliberately flew the Cassini spacecraft into Saturn and let it burn up like a meteor — not because it had failed, but because it had found a possibly habitable ocean on the moon Enceladus that a dead spacecraft could one day contaminate.

Twenty years in space. Thirteen years orbiting Saturn. More than 450,000 images. And then, on September 15, 2017, NASA deliberately flew the Cassini spacecraft...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

Artist's rendering of NASA's Galileo spacecraft flying past Jupiter's moon Io. Galileo made multiple close approaches to the volcanically active moon during its time at Jupiter, including a first pass in Dec. 1995, during its arrival in the Jupiter system.

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NASA spent 14 years keeping the Galileo spacecraft alive through a jammed antenna and brutal radiation, then in 2003 deliberately flew it into Jupiter to be destroyed — not because it had failed, but because it had found a probable ocean on Europa it could no longer be allowed to contaminate.

A jammed antenna. A radiation dose far beyond what it was built to survive. A decade of improvised repairs from hundreds of millions of...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

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Voyager 1 launched in 1977 on a four-year mission and is still flying 49 years later, now so far away that in November 2026 a radio signal will take a full 24 hours to reach it — so when engineers say “good morning” on a Monday, the answer won’t arrive until Wednesday.

A four-year mission that has lasted 49 years. A spacecraft 15 billion miles away, running on 1970s computers and a dying plutonium battery. In...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

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On 22 October 1975 the Soviet probe Venera 9 took the first photograph ever made from the surface of another planet, and half of it is missing because a lens cap would not come off — the same trivial failure that went on to beat the next three landers, two of which crossed the solar system and came home blind.

They beat the heat, the pressure, and the sulfuric acid. What kept beating them was the lid over the lens. On October 22, 1975,...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

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On 15 December 1970 a titanium sphere named Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, but its signal was so weak the Soviet control room logged it as another dead probe, until a radio astronomer replaying the tapes weeks later found 23 minutes of data buried in the noise.

The first machine ever to land on another planet was written off as dead. A torn parachute, a capsule toppled on its side with...

Harry J. KazianisJune 21, 2026

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A Soviet spacecraft built in 1972 to land on Venus finally made its landing 53 years later, on 10 May 2025 — except it came down on Earth, carried through a fiery reentry intact by the same titanium shell its engineers had built to survive the hottest planet in the solar system.

A titanium sphere built to land on Venus. A timer set wrong. Fifty-three years stranded in orbit around the wrong planet. When the toughest...

Harry J. KazianisJune 20, 2026

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19FortyFive

Harry J. Kazianis

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In October 1967 the Soviet Union told the world it had landed a probe on the surface of Venus — but Venera 4 had been crushed by the atmosphere 17 miles up, and it took an American spacecraft flying past one day later to prove the Soviet landing never happened.

Uncategorized

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In September 2017, after 20 years in space, NASA deliberately flew the Cassini spacecraft into Saturn and let it burn up like a meteor — not because it had failed, but because it had found a possibly habitable ocean on the moon Enceladus that a dead spacecraft could one day contaminate.

Uncategorized

NASA spent 14 years keeping the Galileo spacecraft alive through a jammed antenna and brutal radiation, then in 2003 deliberately flew it into Jupiter to be destroyed — not because it had failed, but because it had found a probable ocean on Europa it could no longer be allowed to contaminate.

Uncategorized

Voyager 1 launched in 1977 on a four-year mission and is still flying 49 years later, now so far away that in November 2026 a radio signal will take a full 24 hours to reach it — so when engineers say “good morning” on a Monday, the answer won’t arrive until Wednesday.

Uncategorized

Uncategorized

On 15 December 1970 a titanium sphere named Venera 7 became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, but its signal was so weak the Soviet control room logged it as another dead probe, until a radio astronomer replaying the tapes weeks later found 23 minutes of data buried in the noise.

Uncategorized

A Soviet spacecraft built in 1972 to land on Venus finally made its landing 53 years later, on 10 May 2025 — except it came down on Earth, carried through a fiery reentry intact by the same titanium shell its engineers had built to survive the hottest planet in the solar system.

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